查看犬血管肉瘤的治疗：2000 年及以后的源代码

== 概述 ==

血管肉瘤 （HSA） 是一种高度恶性的内皮细胞肿瘤，在狗中比任何其他家养物种更频繁地发生，其特点是病死率高[1-4]。据报道，总患病率为狗所有肿瘤的 0.3-2.0%[1,2]。受影响的狗在诊断时的平均年龄为 9-12 岁[1-4]。HSA 几乎影响每个犬种。然而，德国牧羊犬、金毛猎犬、拉布拉多猎犬和雪纳瑞犬是易感的[1-4]。尽管许多报告显示雄性患病率增加，但尚未证实性别偏好[1-4]。HSA 的病因尚不清楚，尽管强烈的品种关联表明遗传或家族易感性。在人类中，暴露于二氧化钍或砷或氯乙烯化合物与HSA的发展有关[5]。皮肤HSA通常存在于浅色素沉着的狗中，这表明可能与紫外线暴露有关[6]。另一个假设的狗HSA形成因素是局部辐射[7]。

HSA 有可能影响身体的任何组织，3 个常见的原发部位是'''脾脏''' （28-50%）、'''右心房和右心房耳廓 （3-50%）'''，以及皮肤或皮下组织 （13%）[1,8-10]。其他原发部位包括肝脏、肾脏、膀胱、前列腺、腹膜、'''肺'''、肺动脉、主动脉、肌肉、骨骼、口腔、舌头、椎体、 和中枢神经系统[2,10-17]。'''转移和局部浸润发生在疾病早期'''。肝脏、网膜和肺是最常见的转移部位[1-4]。'''可发生血行性转移或在肿瘤破裂后通过局部播种转移''' (Metastasis may occur hematogenously or via local seeding after tumor rupture)。'''高达 25% 的脾肿瘤有相应的心脏肿瘤'''（右心房和耳廓）[1,2]。最初，心脏肿瘤被认为是转移性的。然而，这些现在通常被认为是 2 个独立的原发性肿瘤[12]。皮肤 HSA 往往具有较低的转移率，显然肿瘤越深，转移的可能性就越大。在患有晚期 HSA 的狗中，通常无法确定原发部位。

本文的目标有 3 个方面：第一，简要概述 HSA 的治疗方案。第二，检查最近的治疗方案。第三，提供对当前几个项目的一瞥，这些项目可能对未来的HSA治疗有希望。


Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly malignant tumor of endothelial cells that occurs more frequently in dogs than any other domestic species and is characterized by a high case fatality rate.1–4 The overall prevalence is reported to be 0.3–2.0% of all tumors in dogs.1,2 The mean age of affected dogs at the time of diagnosis is 9–12 years.1– 4 HSA affects almost every dog breed; however, German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Schnauzers are predisposed.1–4 No sex predilection has been proven, although many reports have shown an increased prevalence in males.1–4 The etiology of HSA is unknown, although the strong breed association suggests an inherited or familial predisposition. In humans, exposure to thorium dioxide or arsenical or vinyl chloride compounds has been linked to the development of HSA.5 Cutaneous HSA is generally found in lightly pigmented dogs, suggesting a possible correlation with ultraviolet light exposure.6 Another hypothesized contributory factor to HSA formation in dogs is local irradiation.7

HSA has the potential to affect any tissue in the body, with the 3 common primary sites being the spleen (28– 50%), right atrium and auricle (3–50%), and skin or subcutaneous tissue (13%).1,8–10 Other primary sites include liver, kidney, bladder, prostate, peritoneum, lung, pulmonary artery, aorta, muscle, bone, oral cavity, tongue, vertebral body, and central nervous system.2,10–17 Metastasis and local infiltration occur early in disease. The liver, omentum, and lung are the most common sites of metastasis.1–4 Metastasis may occur hematogenously or via local seeding after tumor rupture. Up to 25% of splenic tumors have a corresponding cardiac tumor (right atrial and auricular).1,2 Initially, the cardiac tumor was thought to be metastatic; however, these now generally are accepted to be 2 separate primary tumors.12 Cutaneous HSA tends to have a lower metastatic rate, and apparently the deeper the tumor, the greater the likelihood of metastasis. In dogs with advanced HSA, determining the primary site often is not possible.

The goals of this article are 3-fold: 1st, to provide a brief historical overview of treatment options for HSA; 2nd, to examine more recent treatment options; and 3rd, to offer a glimpse into several current projects that may hold promise for the future treatment of HSA.

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