查看Ch14 The Autonomic Nervous System的源代码

=== 自主神经系统有交感神经、副交感神经和肠道神经 ===
<b style=color:#0ae>The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions</b>

Output from the central nervous system (CNS) travels along two anatomically and functionally distinct pathways: the somatic motor neurons, which innervate striated skeletal muscle; and the autonomic motor neurons, which innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, secretory epithelia, and glands. All viscera are richly supplied by efferent axons from the ANS that constantly adjust organ function.

中枢神经系统 （CNS） 的输出沿着两条解剖学和功能上不同的途径传播：躯体运动神经元，支配横纹骨骼肌；以及自主运动神经元，支配平滑肌、心肌、分泌上皮和腺体。所有内脏都由来自自主神经系统的传出轴突丰富地提供，这些轴突不断调整器官功能。

The autonomic nervous system (from the Greek for “selfgoverning,” functioning independently of the will) was first defined by Langley in 1898 as including the local nervous system of the gut and the efferent neurons innervating glands and involuntary muscle. Thus, this definition of the ANS includes only efferent neurons and enteric neurons. Since that time, it has become clear that the efferent ANS cannot easily be dissociated from visceral afferents as well as from those parts of the CNS that control the output to the ANS and those that receive interoceptive input. N14-1 This larger visceral control system monitors afferents from the viscera and the rest of the body, compares this input with current and anticipated needs, and controls output to the body’s organ systems.

自主神经系统（来自希腊语，意为“自我管理”，独立于意志运作）由 Langley 于 1898 年首次定义为包括肠道的局部神经系统以及支配腺体和非自主肌肉的传出神经元。因此，ANS 的这个定义仅包括传出神经元和肠道神经元。从那时起，很明显，传出的 ANS 不能轻易地与内脏传入神经以及控制 ANS 输出的 CNS 部分和接收内感受输入的部分分离[N14-1]。 这个较大的内脏控制系统监测来自内脏和身体其他部位的传入神经，将此输入与当前和预期的需求进行比较，并控制对身体器官系统的输出。


The ANS has three divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are the two major efferent pathways controlling targets other than skeletal muscle (Fig. 14-1). Each innervates target tissue by a two-synapse pathway. The cell bodies of the first neurons lie within the CNS. These preganglionic neurons are found in columns of cells in the brainstem and spinal cord and send axons out of the CNS to make synapses with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia interposed between the CNS and their target cells. Axons from these postganglionic neurons then project to their targets. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can act independently of each other. However, in general, they work synergistically to control visceral activity and often act in opposite ways, like an accelerator and brake to regulate visceral function. An increase in output of the sympathetic division occurs under conditions such as stress, anxiety, physical activity, fear, or excitement, whereas parasympathetic output increases during sedentary activity, eating, or other “vegetative” behavior.

自主神经系统 (ANS) 分为三个部分：交感神经、副交感神经和肠道。ANS 的交感神经和副交感神经分支是控制骨骼肌以外目标的两个主要传出途径（图 14-1）。每个都通过双突触途径支配靶组织。第一个神经元的细胞体位于 CNS 内。这些节前神经元存在于脑干和脊髓的细胞柱中，并将轴突从 CNS 发送出去，与位于 CNS 与其靶细胞之间的外周神经节中的节后神经元形成突触。然后，来自这些节后神经元的轴突投射到它们的目标。交感神经和副交感神经部门可以彼此独立地行动。然而，一般来说，它们协同作用以控制内脏活动，并且通常以相反的方式发挥作用，例如加速器和制动器来调节内脏功能。交感神经输出的增加发生在压力、焦虑、体力活动、恐惧或兴奋等条件下，而副交感神经输出增加发生在久坐活动、进食或其他“植物人”行为期间。

The enteric division of the ANS is a collection of afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons that form networks of neurons called plexuses (from the Latin “to braid”) that surround the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can function as a separate and independent nervous system, but it is normally controlled by the CNS through sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

ANS 的肠道分支是传入神经元、中间神经元和运动神经元的集合，它们形成围绕胃肠道 （GI） 的神经元网络，称为神经丛（来自拉丁语“辫子”）。它可以作为一个独立且独立的神经系统发挥作用，但它通常由 CNS 通过交感神经和副交感神经纤维控制。

<br>