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=== Miconazole (咪康唑) ===

Miconazole readily penetrates the stratum corneum of the skin and persists for more than 4 days after application. Adverse effects from topical application to the vagina include burning, itching, or irritation in about 7% of recipients, as well as infrequent pelvic cramps (0.2%), headache, hives, or skin rash. Irritation, burning, and maceration are rare after cutaneous application. Miconazole is considered safe for use during pregnancy, although some experts advocate avoiding vaginal use during the first trimester.

咪康唑很容易渗透皮肤的角质层，并在应用后持续 4 天以上。局部应用于阴道的不良反应包括约 7% 的受者灼热、瘙痒或刺激，以及不频繁的盆腔痉挛 （0.2%）、头痛、荨麻疹或皮疹。皮肤应用后刺激、灼痛和浸渍很少见。咪康唑被认为在怀孕期间可以安全使用，尽管一些专家主张在妊娠早期避免阴道使用。

<b style=color:#0cf>【注】</b>咪康唑属咪唑类抗真菌药，咪唑类药物原理皆为：使14 - 脱甲基酶系失活，导致麦角固醇（真菌细胞膜重要成分）合成受阻。


'''Therapeutic Uses''': Miconazole nitrate is available as a 2% cream, ointment, lotion, powder, gel, aerosol powder, and aerosol solution. To avoid maceration, only the lotion should be applied to intertriginous areas. Miconazole is available as a 2% and 4% vaginal cream and as 100-, 200-, or 1200-mg vaginal suppositories to be applied high in the vagina at bedtime for 7 or 3 days or 1 day, respectively. In the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea versicolor, the cure rate exceeds 90%. In the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, the mycological cure rate at the end of 1 month is about 80% to 95%. Pruritus sometimes is relieved after a single application. Some vaginal infections caused by C. glabrata also respond to this drug.

'''治疗用途'''：硝酸咪康唑以 2% 乳膏、软膏、化妆水、粉末、凝胶、气雾剂粉末和气雾剂溶液的形式提供。为避免浸渍，只能将化妆水涂抹在擦伤区域。咪康唑有 2% 和 4% 阴道乳膏以及 100、200 或 1200 mg 阴道栓剂两种，睡前涂抹于阴道高位，分别持续 7 天或 3 天或 1 天。在治疗足癣、股癣和花斑癣时，治愈率超过 90%。在治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病时，1个月结束时的真菌学治愈率约为80%至95%。瘙痒有时会在一次应用后缓解。一些由 C. glabrata 引起的阴道感染也对这种药物有反应。

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