Ch15 Sensory Transduction - 版本历史

Comcat：/* 听觉毛细胞的频率灵敏度取决于它们沿耳蜗基底膜的位置 */

2024-12-03T07:43:40Z

‎听觉毛细胞的频率灵敏度取决于它们沿耳蜗基底膜的位置

Comcat：/* 内毛细胞转导声音，而外毛细胞的主动运动会放大信号 */

2024-12-03T07:43:26Z

‎内毛细胞转导声音，而外毛细胞的主动运动会放大信号

Comcat：/* 耳蜗是由三根平行的、充满液体的管子组成的螺旋形 */

2024-12-03T07:43:08Z

‎耳蜗是由三根平行的、充满液体的管子组成的螺旋形

Comcat：/* 外耳和中耳收集和调节气压波，以便在内耳内进行转导 */

2024-12-03T07:42:56Z

‎外耳和中耳收集和调节气压波，以便在内耳内进行转导

Comcat：/* 半规管检测头部的角加速度 */

2024-12-03T07:42:44Z

‎半规管检测头部的角加速度

Comcat：/* 耳石器官（球囊和椭圆囊）检测头部的方向和线性加速度 */

2024-12-03T07:42:32Z

‎耳石器官（球囊和椭圆囊）检测头部的方向和线性加速度

Comcat：/* 前庭和听觉转导：毛细胞 */

2024-12-03T07:42:17Z

‎前庭和听觉转导：毛细胞

2024年12月2日 (一) 02:25 Comcat

2024-12-02T02:25:26Z

2024年12月2日 (一) 02:24 Comcat

2024-12-02T02:24:58Z

Comcat：/* 耳蜗是由三根平行的、充满液体的管子组成的螺旋形 */

2024-11-28T10:28:06Z

‎耳蜗是由三根平行的、充满液体的管子组成的螺旋形

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 === 听觉毛细胞的频率灵敏度取决于它们沿耳蜗基底膜的位置 ===
-The frequency sensitivity of auditory hair cells depends on their position along the basilar membrane of the cochlea
+<b style=color:#0ae>The frequency sensitivity of auditory hair cells depends on their position along the basilar membrane of the cochlea</b>
 The subjective experience of tonal discrimination is called pitch. Young humans can hear sounds with frequencies from ~20 to 20,000 Hz. N15-13 This range is modest by the standards of most mammals because many hear up to 50,000 Hz, and some, notably whales and bats, can hear sounds with frequencies >100,000 Hz.

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 === 内毛细胞转导声音，而外毛细胞的主动运动会放大信号 ===
-Inner hair cells transduce sound, whereas the active movements of outer hair cells amplify the signal
+<b style=color:#0ae>Inner hair cells transduce sound, whereas the active movements of outer hair cells amplify the signal</b>
 The business end of the cochlea is the organ of Corti [N15-11], the portion of the basilar membrane that contains the hair cells. The organ of Corti stretches the length of the basilar membrane and has four rows of hair cells: one row of ~3500 inner hair cells and three rows with a total of ~16,000 outer hair cells (Fig. 15-22). In the auditory system, the arrangement of stereovilli is also quite orderly. The hair cells lie within a matrix of supporting cells, with their apical ends facing the endolymph of the scala media (Fig. 15-23A). The stereovilli of inner hair cells (see Fig. 15-23B) are unique in that they float freely in the endolymph. The stereovilli of the outer hair cells (see Fig. 15-23C) project into the gelatinous, collagen-containing tectorial membrane. The tectorial membrane is firmly attached only along one edge, with a sort of hinge, so that it is free to tilt up and down.

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 === 耳蜗是由三根平行的、充满液体的管子组成的螺旋形 ===
-The cochlea is a spiral of three parallel, fluid-filled tubes
+<b style=color:#0ae>The cochlea is a spiral of three parallel, fluid-filled tubes</b>
 The auditory portion of the inner ear is mainly the cochlea, a tubular structure that is ~35 mm long and is coiled 2.5 times into a snail shape about the size of a large pea (Fig. 15-20). Counting its stereovilli, the cochlea has a million moving parts, which makes it the most complex mechanical apparatus in the body.

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 === 外耳和中耳收集和调节气压波，以便在内耳内进行转导 ===
-The outer and middle ears collect and condition air pressure waves for transduction within the inner ear
+<b style=color:#0ae>The outer and middle ears collect and condition air pressure waves for transduction within the inner ear</b>
 Sound is a perceptual phenomenon that is produced by periodic longitudinal waves of low pressure (rarefactions) and high pressure (compressions) that propagate through air at a speed of 330 to 340 m/s. Absolute sound depends on the amplitude of the longitudinal wave, measured in pascals (Pa). Intensities of audible sounds are commonly expressed in decibel sound pressure level (dB SPL), which relates the absolute sound intensity (PT) to a reference pressure (Pref) of 20 μPa, close to the average human threshold at 2000 Hz.

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 === 半规管检测头部的角加速度 ===
-The semicircular canals detect the angular acceleration of the head
+<b style=color:#0ae>The semicircular canals detect the angular acceleration of the head</b>
 Semicircular canals (see Fig. 15-17B) also sense acceleration, but not the linear acceleration that the otolithic organs prefer. Angular acceleration generated by sudden head rotations is the primary stimulus for the semicircular canals. Shake your head side to side or nod it up and down. Each rotation of your head will excite some of your canals and inhibit others.

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 === 耳石器官（球囊和椭圆囊）检测头部的方向和线性加速度 ===
-The otolithic organs (saccule and utricle) detect the orientation and linear acceleration of the head
+<b style=color:#0ae>The otolithic organs (saccule and utricle) detect the orientation and linear acceleration of the head</b>
 The otolithic organs are a pair of relatively large chambers— the saccule and the utricle—near the center of the labyrinth (see Fig. 15-17B). These otolithic organs as well as the semicircular canals are (1) lined by epithelial cells, (2) filled with endolymph, (3) surrounded by perilymph, and (4) encased in the temporal bone. Within the epithelium, specialized vestibular dark cells secrete K+ and are responsible for the high [K+] of the endolymph. The mechanism of K+ secretion is similar to that by the stria vascularis in the auditory system (see p. 378).

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 == 前庭和听觉转导：毛细胞 ==
-VESTIBULAR AND AUDITORY TRANSDUCTION: HAIR CELLS
+<b style=color:#f80>VESTIBULAR AND AUDITORY TRANSDUCTION: HAIR CELLS</b>
 Balancing on one foot and listening to music both involve sensory systems that have similar transduction mechanisms. Sensation in both the vestibular and auditory systems begins with the inner ear, and both use a highly specialized kind of receptor called the hair cell. Common structure and function often suggest a common origin, and indeed, the organs of mammalian hearing and balance both evolved from the lateral line organs present in all aquatic vertebrates. The lateral line consists of a series of pits or tubes along the flanks of an animal. Within each indentation are clusters of sensory cells that are similar to hair cells. These cells have microvilli-like structures that project into a gelatinous material that in turn is in contact with the water in which the animal swims. The lateral line is exquisitely sensitive to vibrations or pressure changes in the water in many animals, although it is also sensitive to temperature or electrical fields in some species. Reptiles abandoned the lateral line during their evolution, but they retained the hair cell– centered sensory structures of the inner ear that evolved from the lateral line.
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 === 沿一个轴弯曲毛细胞的立体绒毛会导致阳离子通道打开或关闭 ===
-Bending the stereovilli of hair cells along one axis causes cation channels to open or to close
+<b style=color:#0ae>Bending the stereovilli of hair cells along one axis causes cation channels to open or to close</b>
 Hair cells are mechanoreceptors that are specialized to detect minuscule movement along one particular axis. The hair cell is an epithelial cell (see pp. 43–45); the hair bundles project from the apical end, whereas synaptic contacts occur at the basal end. Hair cells are somewhat different in the vestibular and auditory systems. In this section, we illustrate concepts mainly with the vestibular hair cell (Fig. 15-15A), which comes in two subtypes. Vestibular type I cells have a bulbous basal area, surrounded by a calyx-shaped afferent nerve terminal (see Fig. 15-15B, left). Vestibular type II hair cells are more cylindrical and have several simple, boutonshaped afferent nerve terminals (see Fig. 15-15B, right). Auditory hair cells also come in two varieties, inner hair cells and outer hair cells (see pp. 378–380). However, all hair cells sense movement in basically the same way.

←上一版本		2024年12月2日 (一) 02:25的版本
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−	<b style=font-size:18pt>感觉转导</b>	+	<b style=font-size:18pt;color:#f80>感觉转导</b>

	本页英文内容取自：经典教材医学生理学（第三版） (Medical Physiology, 3rd Edtion, Walter F Boron, published in 2016)		本页英文内容取自：经典教材医学生理学（第三版） (Medical Physiology, 3rd Edtion, Walter F Boron, published in 2016)

←上一版本		2024年12月2日 (一) 02:24的版本
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		+	<b style=font-size:18pt>感觉转导</b>
		+
	本页英文内容取自：经典教材医学生理学（第三版） (Medical Physiology, 3rd Edtion, Walter F Boron, published in 2016)		本页英文内容取自：经典教材医学生理学（第三版） (Medical Physiology, 3rd Edtion, Walter F Boron, published in 2016)

←上一版本		2024年11月28日 (四) 10:28的版本
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	血管纹在功能上是一个两层上皮（图 15-21）。边缘细胞将内淋巴液与血管纹内一个非常小的心房内隔室分开，基底细胞将心室内隔室与螺旋韧带的间质液分开，螺旋韧带与外淋巴液相邻。间隙连接将基底细胞的一侧连接到中间细胞，将基底细胞的另一侧连接到螺旋韧带的纤维细胞。这种结构对于耳蜗电位的产生至关重要。		血管纹在功能上是一个两层上皮（图 15-21）。边缘细胞将内淋巴液与血管纹内一个非常小的心房内隔室分开，基底细胞将心室内隔室与螺旋韧带的间质液分开，螺旋韧带与外淋巴液相邻。间隙连接将基底细胞的一侧连接到中间细胞，将基底细胞的另一侧连接到螺旋韧带的纤维细胞。这种结构对于耳蜗电位的产生至关重要。
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		+	[[文件:Ch15-21.png]]