Addiction

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(Nicotine addiction)
(Reference)
 
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  • 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。
 
  • 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。
 
  • 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾
 
  • 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾
 +
 +
药物:
 +
* Cocaine(苯甲酰甲基芽子碱、古柯碱,是一种从古柯树叶中提取出来的生物碱)
 +
* Amphetamine(又名:苯丙胺)
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* Methamphetamine(又名:甲基苯丙胺、去氧麻黄碱、甲基安非他明)
 +
* Morphine(吗啡碱,从鸦片中直接提取的生物碱)
 +
 +
* Ketamine(氯胺酮)
 +
* MDMA(3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺),误服后主要表现为活动过度、摇头扭腰、嗜舞、妄想、不知羞耻、性冲动及幻觉和暴力倾向,俗称“摇头丸”。
 +
* GHB(gamma-hydroxybutyrate,γ-羟丁酸,神仙水)
 +
 +
* Heroin(二乙酰吗啡,海洛因),具有镇痛、镇静、镇咳、平喘、缩瞳、催吐、抑制呼吸、精神欣快、影响内分泌等作用。使用后有短暂的欣快感,疼痛消失,迅速出现头昏、乏力、眼花、心慌、呼吸困难、肢体湿冷、紫绀、昏迷、瞳孔缩小,对光反射消失等症状。海洛因的致死量为0.12克至0.15克。
 +
 +
参考:[https://qnzs.youth.cn/zt/2019jd/jdbk/201906/t20190628_11994824.htm 毒品基础知识]
  
 
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  • 成瘾涉及大脑奖励回路中持久的神经可塑性。
 
  • 成瘾涉及大脑奖励回路中持久的神经可塑性。
  • 神经可塑性是谷氨酸依赖性长期增强的结果。
+
  • 神经可塑性是谷氨酸依赖长期增强的结果。
 
  • 谷氨酸是一种兴奋性神经递质。
 
  • 谷氨酸是一种兴奋性神经递质。
 
  • 谷氨酸的释放与酒精和药物复发有关。
 
  • 谷氨酸的释放与酒精和药物复发有关。
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== Nicotine addiction ==
 
== Nicotine addiction ==
 +
 +
* Nicotine is a stimulant that is the main psychoactive element of cigarettes.
 +
* Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.
 +
* Nicotine in smoked tobacco is addictive.
 +
* Nicotine causes disturbances to reward and cognitive processing.
 +
* Cigarette smoking presents considerable health risks.
 +
* Cigarette smoking induces high costs on healthcare resources.
 +
* Smoking cessation medications and safer nicotine products (e.g. e-cigs) are now available to treat nicotine addiction
 +
 +
• 尼古丁是一种兴奋剂,是香烟的主要精神活性成分。
 +
• 尼古丁是大脑中烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的激动剂。
 +
• 烟熏烟草中的尼古丁会让人上瘾。
 +
• 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。
 +
• 吸烟会带来相当大的健康风险。
 +
• 吸烟会导致医疗保健资源的高成本。
 +
• 戒烟药物和更安全的尼古丁产品(例如电子烟)现在可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾
  
 
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食欲、荷尔蒙和成瘾
 
食欲、荷尔蒙和成瘾
  
Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
+
* Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
These hormones signal the present energy state of the body.
+
* These hormones signal the present energy state of the body.
These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.
+
* These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.
Ghrelin is an orexigenic gut hormone that activates reward circuitry.
+
* Ghrelin is an orexigenic gut hormone that activates reward circuitry.
Ghrelin increase the consumption of food, but also drugs of addiction.
+
* Ghrelin increase the consumption of food, but also drugs of addiction.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an anorexigenic hormone.
+
* Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an anorexigenic hormone.
GLP-1 reduces the consumption of food and drugs of addiction.
+
* GLP-1 reduces the consumption of food and drugs of addiction.
  
 
  • 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。
 
  • 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。
第177行: 第207行:
 
  • 胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 是一种厌食激素。
 
  • 胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 是一种厌食激素。
 
  • GLP-1 减少食物和成瘾药物的消费。
 
  • GLP-1 减少食物和成瘾药物的消费。
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
==  Conclusion and overview ==
 +
 +
* Substances of addiction are highly reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
 +
* Cocaine and amphetamines trigger exaggerated increases in dopamine.
 +
* GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
 +
* Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction.
 +
* Addiction involves glutamate-dependent neuroplasticity in the brain.
 +
* Medications that target glutamate may be efficacious in preventing drug relapse
 +
 +
* The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides.
 +
* The mu opioid receptor appears to be involved in substance abuse and addiction.
 +
* Compounds that target the mu opioid receptor system may help treat addiction.
 +
* Nicotine causes disturbances in reward and cognitive processing.
 +
* Smoking cessation medications are available to treat nicotine addiction.
 +
* Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
 +
* These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.
 +
 +
 +
<source lang=bash>
 +
• 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用,因为它们会引起快乐。
 +
• 可卡因和安非他明会引发多巴胺的过度增加。
 +
• GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。
 +
• 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。
 +
• 成瘾涉及大脑中谷氨酸依赖性的神经可塑性。
 +
• 靶向谷氨酸的药物可能有效预防药物复发
 +
 +
• 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。
 +
• mu 阿片受体似乎与药物滥用和成瘾有关。
 +
• 靶向 μ 阿片受体系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。
 +
• 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。
 +
• 戒烟药物可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾。
 +
• 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。
 +
• 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。
 +
</source>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
== Reference ==
 +
 +
* [[Pharmacology]]
 +
* [[Physiology]]
 +
* [[Addiction]]
 +
* [[BBB]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080800/ 血脑屏障概述]
  
 
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2024年11月8日 (五) 09:42的最后版本

目录

[编辑] 1 Key elements of addiction

  • Addictive substances are highly reinforcing.
  • They are reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
  • Pleasure leads to ‘liking’ the effects of addictive substances.
  • ‘Liking’ a substance can become conditioned to substance-related cues.
  • ‘Wanting’ a substance can occur at the expense of ‘liking’ the substance.
  • Excessive ‘wanting’ can lead to a loss of control of substance use.
  • Substance use habits are unconscious—they are automatic.
  • Craving for substances may occur following prolonged abstinence.
  • Craving may trigger substance relapse
• 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用。
• 它们正在强化,因为它们会引起快乐。
• 快乐导致“喜欢”成瘾物质的效果。
• “喜欢”一种物质可能会受到与物质相关的线索的影响。
• “想要”某种物质的发生可能会以牺牲“喜欢”该物质为代价。
• 过度的“想要”会导致对物质使用的失控。
• 物质使用习惯是无意识的——它们是自动的。
• 戒断滥用物质会导致重复使用。
• 长期戒酒后可能会出现对物质的渴望。
• 渴望可能会引发物质复发


[编辑] 2 Neurobiological processes in addiction

成瘾中的神经生物学过程

  • The brain controls necessary motivational and cognitiv processes.
  • These processes involve a network of independent and overlapping brain circuits.
  • These processes involve reward, motivation, learning/memory, and cognition.
  • Reward involves dopamine in the ventral striatum.
  • Learning involves dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum.
  • Memory involves glutamate in the amygdala and hippocampus.
  • Motivation and drive involve GABA and dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex.
  • Cognition involves dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex.
  • These processes are disrupted by substances of addiction
• 大脑控制必要的动机和认知过程。
• 这些过程涉及一个由独立和重叠的大脑回路组成的网络。
• 这些过程涉及奖励、动机、学习/记忆和认知。
• 奖励涉及腹侧纹状体中的多巴胺。
• 学习涉及腹侧被盖区和腹侧纹状体的多巴胺。
• 记忆涉及杏仁核和海马体中的谷氨酸。
• 动机和驱动力涉及眶额叶皮层中的 GABA 和多巴胺。
• 认知涉及前额叶皮层中的多巴胺和谷氨酸。
• 这些过程被成瘾物质打乱


[编辑] 3 Pharmacodynamics of addictive substances

成瘾物质的药效学

  • Pharmacodynamics refers to the effect of substances on the body.
  • The pharmacodynamic effects of substances take place at receptors.
  • Agonists mimic the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors.
  • Antagonists block the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors.
  • Addictive substances can alter brain pharmacodynamics.
  • Brain pharmacodynamics can be influenced by genetics.
• 药效学是指物质对身体的影响。
• 物质的药效学作用发生在受体处。
• 激动剂模拟神经递质对受体的作用。
• 拮抗剂阻断神经递质对受体的作用。
• 成瘾物质可以改变大脑药效学。
• 大脑药效学会受到遗传学的影响。


[编辑] 4 The dopamine system and addiction

多巴胺系统和成瘾

  • Dopamine release is involved in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances.
  • Dopamine release can be blunted by substance abuse.
  • Dopamine release is involved in drug craving.
  • Dopamine receptors are reduced during substance addiction withdrawal.
  • Medications that boost dopamine functioning may be useful in substance addiction.
  • Reductions in dopamine functioning may predispose people to substance addiction
• 多巴胺的释放与成瘾物质的强化作用有关。
• 药物滥用会减慢多巴胺的释放。
• 多巴胺释放与药物渴望有关。
• 物质成瘾戒断期间多巴胺受体减少。
• 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。
• 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾

药物:

  • Cocaine(苯甲酰甲基芽子碱、古柯碱,是一种从古柯树叶中提取出来的生物碱)
  • Amphetamine(又名:苯丙胺)
  • Methamphetamine(又名:甲基苯丙胺、去氧麻黄碱、甲基安非他明)
  • Morphine(吗啡碱,从鸦片中直接提取的生物碱)
  • Ketamine(氯胺酮)
  • MDMA(3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺),误服后主要表现为活动过度、摇头扭腰、嗜舞、妄想、不知羞耻、性冲动及幻觉和暴力倾向,俗称“摇头丸”。
  • GHB(gamma-hydroxybutyrate,γ-羟丁酸,神仙水)
  • Heroin(二乙酰吗啡,海洛因),具有镇痛、镇静、镇咳、平喘、缩瞳、催吐、抑制呼吸、精神欣快、影响内分泌等作用。使用后有短暂的欣快感,疼痛消失,迅速出现头昏、乏力、眼花、心慌、呼吸困难、肢体湿冷、紫绀、昏迷、瞳孔缩小,对光反射消失等症状。海洛因的致死量为0.12克至0.15克。

参考:毒品基础知识


[编辑] 5 The GABA system and addiction

GABA 系统和成瘾

  • GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
  • GABA binds with GABA-a and GABA-b receptors to inhibit neuronal activity.
  • Substances of abuse can downregulate or upregulate the GABA system.
  • GABA-b receptors modulate substance reward and reinforcement behaviours.
  • Disturbances to the GABA system may pre-date substance addiction.
  • Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction
• GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。
• GABA 与 GABA-a 和 GABA-b 受体结合以抑制神经元活动。
• 滥用物质可以下调或上调 GABA 系统。
• GABA-b 受体调节物质奖励和强化行为。
• 对 GABA 系统的干扰可能早于物质成瘾。
• 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾


[编辑] 6 The glutamate system and addiction

谷氨酸系统和成瘾

  • Addiction involves enduring neuroplasticity in the reward circuitry of the brain.
  • Neuroplasticity is a result of glutamate-dependent long-term potentiation.
  • Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter.
  • Glutamate release is involved in alcohol and drug relapse in response to drug cues.
  • There are changes in glutamate receptor functioning in substance addiction.
  • Medications that reduce glutamate tone may prevent alcohol and drug relapse
• 成瘾涉及大脑奖励回路中持久的神经可塑性。
• 神经可塑性是谷氨酸依赖长期增强的结果。
• 谷氨酸是一种兴奋性神经递质。
• 谷氨酸的释放与酒精和药物复发有关。
• 物质成瘾中谷氨酸受体功能发生变化。
• 降低谷氨酸调理的药物可以防止酒精和药物复发


[编辑] 7 The opioid system and addiction

阿片类药物系统和成瘾

  • 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。
  • 这些肽称为内啡肽、脑肽和强啡肽。
  • 内啡肽优先与 mu 阿片受体 (mOR) 结合。
  • 脑蛋白优先与 δ 受体 (dOR) 结合。
  • 强啡肽优先与 κ 受体 (kOR) 结合。
  • 阿片类药物,如海洛因和吗啡,也会刺激 mOR。
  • mOR 在物质成瘾中上调
  • mOR 的遗传多态性会影响对酒精的主观反应。
• The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides.
• These peptides are called endorphins, encephalins, and dynorphin.
• Endorphins preferentially bind to the mu opioid receptor (mOR).
• Encephalins preferentially bind to the delta receptor (dOR).
• Dynorphin preferentially binds to the kappa receptor (kOR).
• Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, also stimulate the mOR.
• The mOR is upregulated in substance addiction
• Genetic polymorphisms at the mOR influence subjective responses to alcohol.


[编辑] 8 Nicotine addiction

  • Nicotine is a stimulant that is the main psychoactive element of cigarettes.
  • Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.
  • Nicotine in smoked tobacco is addictive.
  • Nicotine causes disturbances to reward and cognitive processing.
  • Cigarette smoking presents considerable health risks.
  • Cigarette smoking induces high costs on healthcare resources.
  • Smoking cessation medications and safer nicotine products (e.g. e-cigs) are now available to treat nicotine addiction
• 尼古丁是一种兴奋剂,是香烟的主要精神活性成分。
• 尼古丁是大脑中烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的激动剂。
• 烟熏烟草中的尼古丁会让人上瘾。
• 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。
• 吸烟会带来相当大的健康风险。
• 吸烟会导致医疗保健资源的高成本。
• 戒烟药物和更安全的尼古丁产品(例如电子烟)现在可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾


[编辑] 9 Appetite hormones and addiction

食欲、荷尔蒙和成瘾

  • Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
  • These hormones signal the present energy state of the body.
  • These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.
  • Ghrelin is an orexigenic gut hormone that activates reward circuitry.
  • Ghrelin increase the consumption of food, but also drugs of addiction.
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an anorexigenic hormone.
  • GLP-1 reduces the consumption of food and drugs of addiction.
• 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。
• 这些激素是身体当前能量状态的信号。
• 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。
• 生长素释放肽是一种产食欲的肠道激素,可激活奖励回路。
• 生长素释放肽增加了食物的消费,但也增加了成瘾药物的消费。
• 胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 是一种厌食激素。
• GLP-1 减少食物和成瘾药物的消费。


[编辑] 10 Conclusion and overview

  • Substances of addiction are highly reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
  • Cocaine and amphetamines trigger exaggerated increases in dopamine.
  • GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
  • Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction.
  • Addiction involves glutamate-dependent neuroplasticity in the brain.
  • Medications that target glutamate may be efficacious in preventing drug relapse
  • The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides.
  • The mu opioid receptor appears to be involved in substance abuse and addiction.
  • Compounds that target the mu opioid receptor system may help treat addiction.
  • Nicotine causes disturbances in reward and cognitive processing.
  • Smoking cessation medications are available to treat nicotine addiction.
  • Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
  • These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.


 • 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用,因为它们会引起快乐。
 • 可卡因和安非他明会引发多巴胺的过度增加。
 • GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。
 • 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。
 • 成瘾涉及大脑中谷氨酸依赖性的神经可塑性。
 • 靶向谷氨酸的药物可能有效预防药物复发

 • 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。
 • mu 阿片受体似乎与药物滥用和成瘾有关。
 • 靶向 μ 阿片受体系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。
 • 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。
 • 戒烟药物可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾。
 • 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。
 • 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。


[编辑] 11 Reference


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