Addiction
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• 长期戒酒后可能会出现对物质的渴望。 | • 长期戒酒后可能会出现对物质的渴望。 | ||
• 渴望可能会引发物质复发 | • 渴望可能会引发物质复发 | ||
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| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Neurobiological processes in addiction == | ||
| + | |||
| + | 成瘾中的神经生物学过程 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * The brain controls necessary motivational and cognitiv processes. | ||
| + | * These processes involve a network of independent and overlapping brain circuits. | ||
| + | * These processes involve reward, motivation, learning/memory, and cognition. | ||
| + | * Reward involves dopamine in the ventral striatum. | ||
| + | * Learning involves dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum. | ||
| + | * Memory involves glutamate in the amygdala and hippocampus. | ||
| + | * Motivation and drive involve GABA and dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex. | ||
| + | * Cognition involves dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex. | ||
| + | * These processes are disrupted by substances of addiction | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 大脑控制必要的动机和认知过程。 | ||
| + | • 这些过程涉及一个由独立和重叠的大脑回路组成的网络。 | ||
| + | • 这些过程涉及奖励、动机、学习/记忆和认知。 | ||
| + | • 奖励涉及腹侧纹状体中的多巴胺。 | ||
| + | • 学习涉及腹侧被盖区和腹侧纹状体的多巴胺。 | ||
| + | • 记忆涉及杏仁核和海马体中的谷氨酸。 | ||
| + | • 动机和驱动力涉及眶额叶皮层中的 GABA 和多巴胺。 | ||
| + | • 认知涉及前额叶皮层中的多巴胺和谷氨酸。 | ||
| + | • 这些过程被成瘾物质打乱 | ||
| + | |||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Pharmacodynamics of addictive substances == | ||
| + | |||
| + | 成瘾物质的药效学 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Pharmacodynamics refers to the effect of substances on the body. | ||
| + | * The pharmacodynamic effects of substances take place at receptors. | ||
| + | * Agonists mimic the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors. | ||
| + | * Antagonists block the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors. | ||
| + | * Addictive substances can alter brain pharmacodynamics. | ||
| + | * Brain pharmacodynamics can be influenced by genetics. | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 药效学是指物质对身体的影响。 | ||
| + | • 物质的药效学作用发生在受体处。 | ||
| + | • 激动剂模拟神经递质对受体的作用。 | ||
| + | • 拮抗剂阻断神经递质对受体的作用。 | ||
| + | • 成瘾物质可以改变大脑药效学。 | ||
| + | • 大脑药效学会受到遗传学的影响。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == The dopamine system and addiction == | ||
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| + | 多巴胺系统和成瘾 | ||
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| + | * Dopamine release is involved in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances. | ||
| + | * Dopamine release can be blunted by substance abuse. | ||
| + | * Dopamine release is involved in drug craving. | ||
| + | * Dopamine receptors are reduced during substance addiction withdrawal. | ||
| + | * Medications that boost dopamine functioning may be useful in substance addiction. | ||
| + | * Reductions in dopamine functioning may predispose people to substance addiction | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 多巴胺的释放与成瘾物质的强化作用有关。 | ||
| + | • 药物滥用会减慢多巴胺的释放。 | ||
| + | • 多巴胺释放与药物渴望有关。 | ||
| + | • 物质成瘾戒断期间多巴胺受体减少。 | ||
| + | • 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。 | ||
| + | • 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 药物: | ||
| + | * Cocaine(苯甲酰甲基芽子碱、古柯碱,是一种从古柯树叶中提取出来的生物碱) | ||
| + | * Amphetamine(又名:苯丙胺) | ||
| + | * Methamphetamine(又名:甲基苯丙胺、去氧麻黄碱、甲基安非他明) | ||
| + | * Morphine(吗啡碱,从鸦片中直接提取的生物碱) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Ketamine(氯胺酮) | ||
| + | * MDMA(3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺),误服后主要表现为活动过度、摇头扭腰、嗜舞、妄想、不知羞耻、性冲动及幻觉和暴力倾向,俗称“摇头丸”。 | ||
| + | * GHB(gamma-hydroxybutyrate,γ-羟丁酸,神仙水) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Heroin(二乙酰吗啡,海洛因),具有镇痛、镇静、镇咳、平喘、缩瞳、催吐、抑制呼吸、精神欣快、影响内分泌等作用。使用后有短暂的欣快感,疼痛消失,迅速出现头昏、乏力、眼花、心慌、呼吸困难、肢体湿冷、紫绀、昏迷、瞳孔缩小,对光反射消失等症状。海洛因的致死量为0.12克至0.15克。 | ||
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| + | 参考:[https://qnzs.youth.cn/zt/2019jd/jdbk/201906/t20190628_11994824.htm 毒品基础知识] | ||
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| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == The GABA system and addiction == | ||
| + | |||
| + | GABA 系统和成瘾 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. | ||
| + | * GABA binds with GABA-a and GABA-b receptors to inhibit neuronal activity. | ||
| + | * Substances of abuse can downregulate or upregulate the GABA system. | ||
| + | * GABA-b receptors modulate substance reward and reinforcement behaviours. | ||
| + | * Disturbances to the GABA system may pre-date substance addiction. | ||
| + | * Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction | ||
| + | |||
| + | • GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。 | ||
| + | • GABA 与 GABA-a 和 GABA-b 受体结合以抑制神经元活动。 | ||
| + | • 滥用物质可以下调或上调 GABA 系统。 | ||
| + | • GABA-b 受体调节物质奖励和强化行为。 | ||
| + | • 对 GABA 系统的干扰可能早于物质成瘾。 | ||
| + | • 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾 | ||
| + | |||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == The glutamate system and addiction == | ||
| + | |||
| + | 谷氨酸系统和成瘾 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Addiction involves enduring neuroplasticity in the reward circuitry of the brain. | ||
| + | * Neuroplasticity is a result of glutamate-dependent long-term potentiation. | ||
| + | * Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. | ||
| + | * Glutamate release is involved in alcohol and drug relapse in response to drug cues. | ||
| + | * There are changes in glutamate receptor functioning in substance addiction. | ||
| + | * Medications that reduce glutamate tone may prevent alcohol and drug relapse | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 成瘾涉及大脑奖励回路中持久的神经可塑性。 | ||
| + | • 神经可塑性是谷氨酸依赖长期增强的结果。 | ||
| + | • 谷氨酸是一种兴奋性神经递质。 | ||
| + | • 谷氨酸的释放与酒精和药物复发有关。 | ||
| + | • 物质成瘾中谷氨酸受体功能发生变化。 | ||
| + | • 降低谷氨酸调理的药物可以防止酒精和药物复发 | ||
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| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == The opioid system and addiction == | ||
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| + | 阿片类药物系统和成瘾 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。 | ||
| + | * 这些肽称为内啡肽、脑肽和强啡肽。 | ||
| + | * 内啡肽优先与 mu 阿片受体 (mOR) 结合。 | ||
| + | * 脑蛋白优先与 δ 受体 (dOR) 结合。 | ||
| + | * 强啡肽优先与 κ 受体 (kOR) 结合。 | ||
| + | * 阿片类药物,如海洛因和吗啡,也会刺激 mOR。 | ||
| + | * mOR 在物质成瘾中上调 | ||
| + | * mOR 的遗传多态性会影响对酒精的主观反应。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | • The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides. | ||
| + | • These peptides are called endorphins, encephalins, and dynorphin. | ||
| + | • Endorphins preferentially bind to the mu opioid receptor (mOR). | ||
| + | • Encephalins preferentially bind to the delta receptor (dOR). | ||
| + | • Dynorphin preferentially binds to the kappa receptor (kOR). | ||
| + | • Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, also stimulate the mOR. | ||
| + | • The mOR is upregulated in substance addiction | ||
| + | • Genetic polymorphisms at the mOR influence subjective responses to alcohol. | ||
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| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Nicotine addiction == | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Nicotine is a stimulant that is the main psychoactive element of cigarettes. | ||
| + | * Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. | ||
| + | * Nicotine in smoked tobacco is addictive. | ||
| + | * Nicotine causes disturbances to reward and cognitive processing. | ||
| + | * Cigarette smoking presents considerable health risks. | ||
| + | * Cigarette smoking induces high costs on healthcare resources. | ||
| + | * Smoking cessation medications and safer nicotine products (e.g. e-cigs) are now available to treat nicotine addiction | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 尼古丁是一种兴奋剂,是香烟的主要精神活性成分。 | ||
| + | • 尼古丁是大脑中烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的激动剂。 | ||
| + | • 烟熏烟草中的尼古丁会让人上瘾。 | ||
| + | • 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。 | ||
| + | • 吸烟会带来相当大的健康风险。 | ||
| + | • 吸烟会导致医疗保健资源的高成本。 | ||
| + | • 戒烟药物和更安全的尼古丁产品(例如电子烟)现在可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾 | ||
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| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Appetite hormones and addiction == | ||
| + | |||
| + | 食欲、荷尔蒙和成瘾 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain. | ||
| + | * These hormones signal the present energy state of the body. | ||
| + | * These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes. | ||
| + | * Ghrelin is an orexigenic gut hormone that activates reward circuitry. | ||
| + | * Ghrelin increase the consumption of food, but also drugs of addiction. | ||
| + | * Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an anorexigenic hormone. | ||
| + | * GLP-1 reduces the consumption of food and drugs of addiction. | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。 | ||
| + | • 这些激素是身体当前能量状态的信号。 | ||
| + | • 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。 | ||
| + | • 生长素释放肽是一种产食欲的肠道激素,可激活奖励回路。 | ||
| + | • 生长素释放肽增加了食物的消费,但也增加了成瘾药物的消费。 | ||
| + | • 胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 是一种厌食激素。 | ||
| + | • GLP-1 减少食物和成瘾药物的消费。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Conclusion and overview == | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Substances of addiction are highly reinforcing because they induce pleasure. | ||
| + | * Cocaine and amphetamines trigger exaggerated increases in dopamine. | ||
| + | * GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. | ||
| + | * Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction. | ||
| + | * Addiction involves glutamate-dependent neuroplasticity in the brain. | ||
| + | * Medications that target glutamate may be efficacious in preventing drug relapse | ||
| + | |||
| + | * The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides. | ||
| + | * The mu opioid receptor appears to be involved in substance abuse and addiction. | ||
| + | * Compounds that target the mu opioid receptor system may help treat addiction. | ||
| + | * Nicotine causes disturbances in reward and cognitive processing. | ||
| + | * Smoking cessation medications are available to treat nicotine addiction. | ||
| + | * Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain. | ||
| + | * These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | <source lang=bash> | ||
| + | • 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用,因为它们会引起快乐。 | ||
| + | • 可卡因和安非他明会引发多巴胺的过度增加。 | ||
| + | • GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。 | ||
| + | • 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。 | ||
| + | • 成瘾涉及大脑中谷氨酸依赖性的神经可塑性。 | ||
| + | • 靶向谷氨酸的药物可能有效预防药物复发 | ||
| + | |||
| + | • 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。 | ||
| + | • mu 阿片受体似乎与药物滥用和成瘾有关。 | ||
| + | • 靶向 μ 阿片受体系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。 | ||
| + | • 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。 | ||
| + | • 戒烟药物可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾。 | ||
| + | • 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。 | ||
| + | • 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。 | ||
| + | </source> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Reference == | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Pharmacology]] | ||
| + | * [[Physiology]] | ||
| + | * [[Addiction]] | ||
| + | * [[BBB]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080800/ 血脑屏障概述] | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
2024年11月8日 (五) 09:42的最后版本
[编辑] 1 Key elements of addiction
- Addictive substances are highly reinforcing.
- They are reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
- Pleasure leads to ‘liking’ the effects of addictive substances.
- ‘Liking’ a substance can become conditioned to substance-related cues.
- ‘Wanting’ a substance can occur at the expense of ‘liking’ the substance.
- Excessive ‘wanting’ can lead to a loss of control of substance use.
- Substance use habits are unconscious—they are automatic.
- Craving for substances may occur following prolonged abstinence.
- Craving may trigger substance relapse
• 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用。 • 它们正在强化,因为它们会引起快乐。 • 快乐导致“喜欢”成瘾物质的效果。 • “喜欢”一种物质可能会受到与物质相关的线索的影响。 • “想要”某种物质的发生可能会以牺牲“喜欢”该物质为代价。 • 过度的“想要”会导致对物质使用的失控。 • 物质使用习惯是无意识的——它们是自动的。 • 戒断滥用物质会导致重复使用。 • 长期戒酒后可能会出现对物质的渴望。 • 渴望可能会引发物质复发
[编辑] 2 Neurobiological processes in addiction
成瘾中的神经生物学过程
- The brain controls necessary motivational and cognitiv processes.
- These processes involve a network of independent and overlapping brain circuits.
- These processes involve reward, motivation, learning/memory, and cognition.
- Reward involves dopamine in the ventral striatum.
- Learning involves dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum.
- Memory involves glutamate in the amygdala and hippocampus.
- Motivation and drive involve GABA and dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex.
- Cognition involves dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex.
- These processes are disrupted by substances of addiction
• 大脑控制必要的动机和认知过程。 • 这些过程涉及一个由独立和重叠的大脑回路组成的网络。 • 这些过程涉及奖励、动机、学习/记忆和认知。 • 奖励涉及腹侧纹状体中的多巴胺。 • 学习涉及腹侧被盖区和腹侧纹状体的多巴胺。 • 记忆涉及杏仁核和海马体中的谷氨酸。 • 动机和驱动力涉及眶额叶皮层中的 GABA 和多巴胺。 • 认知涉及前额叶皮层中的多巴胺和谷氨酸。 • 这些过程被成瘾物质打乱
[编辑] 3 Pharmacodynamics of addictive substances
成瘾物质的药效学
- Pharmacodynamics refers to the effect of substances on the body.
- The pharmacodynamic effects of substances take place at receptors.
- Agonists mimic the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors.
- Antagonists block the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors.
- Addictive substances can alter brain pharmacodynamics.
- Brain pharmacodynamics can be influenced by genetics.
• 药效学是指物质对身体的影响。 • 物质的药效学作用发生在受体处。 • 激动剂模拟神经递质对受体的作用。 • 拮抗剂阻断神经递质对受体的作用。 • 成瘾物质可以改变大脑药效学。 • 大脑药效学会受到遗传学的影响。
[编辑] 4 The dopamine system and addiction
多巴胺系统和成瘾
- Dopamine release is involved in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances.
- Dopamine release can be blunted by substance abuse.
- Dopamine release is involved in drug craving.
- Dopamine receptors are reduced during substance addiction withdrawal.
- Medications that boost dopamine functioning may be useful in substance addiction.
- Reductions in dopamine functioning may predispose people to substance addiction
• 多巴胺的释放与成瘾物质的强化作用有关。 • 药物滥用会减慢多巴胺的释放。 • 多巴胺释放与药物渴望有关。 • 物质成瘾戒断期间多巴胺受体减少。 • 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。 • 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾
药物:
- Cocaine(苯甲酰甲基芽子碱、古柯碱,是一种从古柯树叶中提取出来的生物碱)
- Amphetamine(又名:苯丙胺)
- Methamphetamine(又名:甲基苯丙胺、去氧麻黄碱、甲基安非他明)
- Morphine(吗啡碱,从鸦片中直接提取的生物碱)
- Ketamine(氯胺酮)
- MDMA(3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺),误服后主要表现为活动过度、摇头扭腰、嗜舞、妄想、不知羞耻、性冲动及幻觉和暴力倾向,俗称“摇头丸”。
- GHB(gamma-hydroxybutyrate,γ-羟丁酸,神仙水)
- Heroin(二乙酰吗啡,海洛因),具有镇痛、镇静、镇咳、平喘、缩瞳、催吐、抑制呼吸、精神欣快、影响内分泌等作用。使用后有短暂的欣快感,疼痛消失,迅速出现头昏、乏力、眼花、心慌、呼吸困难、肢体湿冷、紫绀、昏迷、瞳孔缩小,对光反射消失等症状。海洛因的致死量为0.12克至0.15克。
参考:毒品基础知识
[编辑] 5 The GABA system and addiction
GABA 系统和成瘾
- GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- GABA binds with GABA-a and GABA-b receptors to inhibit neuronal activity.
- Substances of abuse can downregulate or upregulate the GABA system.
- GABA-b receptors modulate substance reward and reinforcement behaviours.
- Disturbances to the GABA system may pre-date substance addiction.
- Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction
• GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。 • GABA 与 GABA-a 和 GABA-b 受体结合以抑制神经元活动。 • 滥用物质可以下调或上调 GABA 系统。 • GABA-b 受体调节物质奖励和强化行为。 • 对 GABA 系统的干扰可能早于物质成瘾。 • 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾
[编辑] 6 The glutamate system and addiction
谷氨酸系统和成瘾
- Addiction involves enduring neuroplasticity in the reward circuitry of the brain.
- Neuroplasticity is a result of glutamate-dependent long-term potentiation.
- Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter.
- Glutamate release is involved in alcohol and drug relapse in response to drug cues.
- There are changes in glutamate receptor functioning in substance addiction.
- Medications that reduce glutamate tone may prevent alcohol and drug relapse
• 成瘾涉及大脑奖励回路中持久的神经可塑性。 • 神经可塑性是谷氨酸依赖长期增强的结果。 • 谷氨酸是一种兴奋性神经递质。 • 谷氨酸的释放与酒精和药物复发有关。 • 物质成瘾中谷氨酸受体功能发生变化。 • 降低谷氨酸调理的药物可以防止酒精和药物复发
[编辑] 7 The opioid system and addiction
阿片类药物系统和成瘾
- 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。
- 这些肽称为内啡肽、脑肽和强啡肽。
- 内啡肽优先与 mu 阿片受体 (mOR) 结合。
- 脑蛋白优先与 δ 受体 (dOR) 结合。
- 强啡肽优先与 κ 受体 (kOR) 结合。
- 阿片类药物,如海洛因和吗啡,也会刺激 mOR。
- mOR 在物质成瘾中上调
- mOR 的遗传多态性会影响对酒精的主观反应。
• The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides. • These peptides are called endorphins, encephalins, and dynorphin. • Endorphins preferentially bind to the mu opioid receptor (mOR). • Encephalins preferentially bind to the delta receptor (dOR). • Dynorphin preferentially binds to the kappa receptor (kOR). • Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, also stimulate the mOR. • The mOR is upregulated in substance addiction • Genetic polymorphisms at the mOR influence subjective responses to alcohol.
[编辑] 8 Nicotine addiction
- Nicotine is a stimulant that is the main psychoactive element of cigarettes.
- Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.
- Nicotine in smoked tobacco is addictive.
- Nicotine causes disturbances to reward and cognitive processing.
- Cigarette smoking presents considerable health risks.
- Cigarette smoking induces high costs on healthcare resources.
- Smoking cessation medications and safer nicotine products (e.g. e-cigs) are now available to treat nicotine addiction
• 尼古丁是一种兴奋剂,是香烟的主要精神活性成分。 • 尼古丁是大脑中烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的激动剂。 • 烟熏烟草中的尼古丁会让人上瘾。 • 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。 • 吸烟会带来相当大的健康风险。 • 吸烟会导致医疗保健资源的高成本。 • 戒烟药物和更安全的尼古丁产品(例如电子烟)现在可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾
[编辑] 9 Appetite hormones and addiction
食欲、荷尔蒙和成瘾
- Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
- These hormones signal the present energy state of the body.
- These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.
- Ghrelin is an orexigenic gut hormone that activates reward circuitry.
- Ghrelin increase the consumption of food, but also drugs of addiction.
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an anorexigenic hormone.
- GLP-1 reduces the consumption of food and drugs of addiction.
• 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。 • 这些激素是身体当前能量状态的信号。 • 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。 • 生长素释放肽是一种产食欲的肠道激素,可激活奖励回路。 • 生长素释放肽增加了食物的消费,但也增加了成瘾药物的消费。 • 胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 是一种厌食激素。 • GLP-1 减少食物和成瘾药物的消费。
[编辑] 10 Conclusion and overview
- Substances of addiction are highly reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
- Cocaine and amphetamines trigger exaggerated increases in dopamine.
- GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction.
- Addiction involves glutamate-dependent neuroplasticity in the brain.
- Medications that target glutamate may be efficacious in preventing drug relapse
- The brain contains a complex system of endogenous opioid peptides.
- The mu opioid receptor appears to be involved in substance abuse and addiction.
- Compounds that target the mu opioid receptor system may help treat addiction.
- Nicotine causes disturbances in reward and cognitive processing.
- Smoking cessation medications are available to treat nicotine addiction.
- Appetite and feeding are regulated by hormones that affect the brain.
- These hormones can regulate reward and motivational processes.
• 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用,因为它们会引起快乐。 • 可卡因和安非他明会引发多巴胺的过度增加。 • GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。 • 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。 • 成瘾涉及大脑中谷氨酸依赖性的神经可塑性。 • 靶向谷氨酸的药物可能有效预防药物复发 • 大脑包含一个复杂的内源性阿片肽系统。 • mu 阿片受体似乎与药物滥用和成瘾有关。 • 靶向 μ 阿片受体系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾。 • 尼古丁会干扰奖励和认知处理。 • 戒烟药物可用于治疗尼古丁成瘾。 • 食欲和进食受影响大脑的激素调节。 • 这些激素可以调节奖励和激励过程。
[编辑] 11 Reference
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Addiction
- BBB 血脑屏障概述