Ch14 The Autonomic Nervous System
(→本能控制系统的组织) |
(→自主神经系统有交感神经、副交感神经和肠道神经) |
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=== 自主神经系统有交感神经、副交感神经和肠道神经 === | === 自主神经系统有交感神经、副交感神经和肠道神经 === | ||
<b style=color:#0ae>The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions</b> | <b style=color:#0ae>The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions</b> | ||
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| + | Output from the central nervous system (CNS) travels along two anatomically and functionally distinct pathways: the somatic motor neurons, which innervate striated skeletal muscle; and the autonomic motor neurons, which innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, secretory epithelia, and glands. All viscera are richly supplied by efferent axons from the ANS that constantly adjust organ function. | ||
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| + | 中枢神经系统 （CNS） 的输出沿着两条解剖学和功能上不同的途径传播：躯体运动神经元，支配横纹骨骼肌;以及自主运动神经元，支配平滑肌、心肌、分泌上皮和腺体。所有内脏都由来自 ANS 的传出轴突丰富地提供，这些轴突不断调整器官功能。 | ||
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| + | The autonomic nervous system (from the Greek for “selfgoverning,” functioning independently of the will) was first defined by Langley in 1898 as including the local nervous system of the gut and the efferent neurons innervating glands and involuntary muscle. Thus, this definition of the ANS includes only efferent neurons and enteric neurons. Since that time, it has become clear that the efferent ANS cannot easily be dissociated from visceral afferents as well as from those parts of the CNS that control the output to the ANS and those that receive interoceptive input. N14-1 This larger visceral control system monitors afferents from the viscera and the rest of the body, compares this input with current and anticipated needs, and controls output to the body’s organ systems. | ||
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| + | 自主神经系统（来自希腊语，意为“自我管理”，独立于意志运作）由 Langley 于 1898 年首次定义为包括肠道的局部神经系统以及支配腺体和非自主肌肉的传出神经元。因此，ANS 的这个定义仅包括传出神经元和肠道神经元。从那时起，很明显，传出的 ANS 不能轻易地与内脏传入神经以及控制 ANS 输出的 CNS 部分和接收内感受输入的部分分离。N14-1 这个较大的内脏控制系统监测来自内脏和身体其他部位的传入神经，将此输入与当前和预期的需求进行比较，并控制对身体器官系统的输出。 | ||
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| + | The ANS has three divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are the two major efferent pathways controlling targets other than skeletal muscle (Fig. 14-1). Each innervates target tissue by a two-synapse pathway. The cell bodies of the first neurons lie within the CNS. These preganglionic neurons are found in columns of cells in the brainstem and spinal cord and send axons out of the CNS to make synapses with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia interposed between the CNS and their target cells. Axons from these postganglionic neurons then project to their targets. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can act independently of each other. However, in general, they work synergistically to control visceral activity and often act in opposite ways, like an accelerator and brake to regulate visceral function. An increase in output of the sympathetic division occurs under conditions such as stress, anxiety, physical activity, fear, or excitement, whereas parasympathetic output increases during sedentary activity, eating, or other “vegetative” behavior. | ||
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| + | ANS 分为三个部分：交感神经、副交感神经和肠道。ANS 的交感神经和副交感神经分支是控制骨骼肌以外的目标的两个主要传出途径（图 14-1）。每个都通过双突触途径支配靶组织。第一个神经元的细胞体位于 CNS 内。这些节前神经元存在于脑干和脊髓的细胞柱中，并将轴突从 CNS 发送出去，与位于 CNS 与其靶细胞之间的外周神经节中的节后神经元形成突触。然后，来自这些节后神经元的轴突投射到它们的目标。交感神经和副交感神经部门可以彼此独立地行动。然而，一般来说，它们协同作用以控制内脏活动，并且通常以相反的方式发挥作用，例如加速器和制动器来调节内脏功能。交感神经输出的增加发生在压力、焦虑、体力活动、恐惧或兴奋等条件下，而副交感神经输出增加发生在久坐活动、进食或其他“植物人”行为期间。 | ||
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| + | The enteric division of the ANS is a collection of afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons that form networks of neurons called plexuses (from the Latin “to braid”) that surround the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can function as a separate and independent nervous system, but it is normally controlled by the CNS through sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. | ||
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| + | ANS 的肠道分支是传入神经元、中间神经元和运动神经元的集合，它们形成围绕胃肠道 （GI） 的神经元网络，称为神经丛（来自拉丁语“辫子”）。它可以作为一个独立且独立的神经系统发挥作用，但它通常由 CNS 通过交感神经和副交感神经纤维控制。 | ||
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2024年12月4日 (三) 12:41的版本
自主神经系统
本页英文内容取自：经典教材医学生理学（第三版） (Medical Physiology, 3rd Edtion, Walter F Boron, published in 2016)
中文内容由 BH1RBH (Jack Tan) 粗糙翻译
蓝色 【注】 后内容为 BH1RBH (Jack Tan) 所加之注释
When we are awake, we are constantly aware of sensory input from our external environment, and we consciously plan how to react to it. When we are asleep, the nervous system has a variety of mechanisms to dissociate cortical function from sensory input and somatic motor output. Among these mechanisms are closing the eyes, blocking the transmission of sensory impulses to the cortex as they pass through the thalamus, and effecting a nearly complete paralysis of skeletal muscles during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to keep us from physically acting out our dreams.
当我们清醒时，我们会不断意识到来自外部环境的感官输入，并有意识地计划如何应对它。当我们睡着时，神经系统有多种机制可以将皮层功能与感觉输入和躯体运动输出分离。这些机制包括闭上眼睛，阻止感觉冲动通过丘脑时向皮层的传递，以及在快速眼动 （REM） 睡眠期间导致骨骼肌几乎完全麻痹，以防止我们身体上表演我们的梦。
The conscious and discontinuous nature of cortical brain function stands in sharp contrast with those parts of the nervous system that are responsible for control of our internal environment. These “autonomic” processes never stop attending to the wide range of metabolic, cardiopulmonary, and other visceral requirements of our body. Autonomic control continues whether we are awake and attentive, preoccupied with other activities, or asleep. While we are awake, we are unaware of most visceral sensory input, and we avoid any conscious effort to act on it unless it induces distress. In most cases, we have no awareness of motor commands to the viscera, and most individuals can exert voluntary control over motor output to the viscera only in minor ways. Consciousness and memory are frequently considered the most important functions of the human nervous system, but it is the visceral control system—including the autonomic nervous system (ANS)—that makes life and higher cortical function possible.
大脑皮层功能的有意识和不连续性质与神经系统中负责控制我们内部环境的部分形成鲜明对比。这些“自主神经”过程从未停止关注我们身体的各种代谢、心肺和其他内脏需求。无论我们是清醒和专心、全神贯注于其他活动还是睡着，自主神经控制都会继续。当我们清醒时，我们不知道大多数本能的感官输入，除非它引起痛苦，否则我们会避免任何有意识的努力去采取行动。在大多数情况下，我们没有意识到对内脏的运动命令，大多数人只能以微小的方式对内脏的运动输出进行自主控制。意识和记忆通常被认为是人类神经系统最重要的功能，但正是内脏控制系统——包括自主神经系统 （ANS）——使生命和高级皮质功能成为可能。
We have a greater understanding of the physiology of the ANS than of many other parts of the nervous system, largely because it is reasonably easy to isolate peripheral neurons and to study them. As a result of its accessibility, the ANS has served as a key model system for the elucidation of many principles of neuronal and synaptic function.
我们对自主神经系统比对神经系统的许多其他部分的生理更了解，这主要是因为分离周围神经元并对其进行研究相当容易。由于其可访问性，ANS 已成为阐明神经元和突触功能的许多原理的关键模型系统。
目录 |
1 本能控制系统的组织
ORGANIZATION OF THE VISCERAL CONTROL SYSTEM
1.1 自主神经系统有交感神经、副交感神经和肠道神经
The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions
Output from the central nervous system (CNS) travels along two anatomically and functionally distinct pathways: the somatic motor neurons, which innervate striated skeletal muscle; and the autonomic motor neurons, which innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, secretory epithelia, and glands. All viscera are richly supplied by efferent axons from the ANS that constantly adjust organ function.
中枢神经系统 （CNS） 的输出沿着两条解剖学和功能上不同的途径传播：躯体运动神经元，支配横纹骨骼肌;以及自主运动神经元，支配平滑肌、心肌、分泌上皮和腺体。所有内脏都由来自 ANS 的传出轴突丰富地提供，这些轴突不断调整器官功能。
The autonomic nervous system (from the Greek for “selfgoverning,” functioning independently of the will) was first defined by Langley in 1898 as including the local nervous system of the gut and the efferent neurons innervating glands and involuntary muscle. Thus, this definition of the ANS includes only efferent neurons and enteric neurons. Since that time, it has become clear that the efferent ANS cannot easily be dissociated from visceral afferents as well as from those parts of the CNS that control the output to the ANS and those that receive interoceptive input. N14-1 This larger visceral control system monitors afferents from the viscera and the rest of the body, compares this input with current and anticipated needs, and controls output to the body’s organ systems.
自主神经系统（来自希腊语，意为“自我管理”，独立于意志运作）由 Langley 于 1898 年首次定义为包括肠道的局部神经系统以及支配腺体和非自主肌肉的传出神经元。因此，ANS 的这个定义仅包括传出神经元和肠道神经元。从那时起，很明显，传出的 ANS 不能轻易地与内脏传入神经以及控制 ANS 输出的 CNS 部分和接收内感受输入的部分分离。N14-1 这个较大的内脏控制系统监测来自内脏和身体其他部位的传入神经，将此输入与当前和预期的需求进行比较，并控制对身体器官系统的输出。
The ANS has three divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are the two major efferent pathways controlling targets other than skeletal muscle (Fig. 14-1). Each innervates target tissue by a two-synapse pathway. The cell bodies of the first neurons lie within the CNS. These preganglionic neurons are found in columns of cells in the brainstem and spinal cord and send axons out of the CNS to make synapses with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia interposed between the CNS and their target cells. Axons from these postganglionic neurons then project to their targets. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can act independently of each other. However, in general, they work synergistically to control visceral activity and often act in opposite ways, like an accelerator and brake to regulate visceral function. An increase in output of the sympathetic division occurs under conditions such as stress, anxiety, physical activity, fear, or excitement, whereas parasympathetic output increases during sedentary activity, eating, or other “vegetative” behavior.
ANS 分为三个部分：交感神经、副交感神经和肠道。ANS 的交感神经和副交感神经分支是控制骨骼肌以外的目标的两个主要传出途径（图 14-1）。每个都通过双突触途径支配靶组织。第一个神经元的细胞体位于 CNS 内。这些节前神经元存在于脑干和脊髓的细胞柱中，并将轴突从 CNS 发送出去，与位于 CNS 与其靶细胞之间的外周神经节中的节后神经元形成突触。然后，来自这些节后神经元的轴突投射到它们的目标。交感神经和副交感神经部门可以彼此独立地行动。然而，一般来说，它们协同作用以控制内脏活动，并且通常以相反的方式发挥作用，例如加速器和制动器来调节内脏功能。交感神经输出的增加发生在压力、焦虑、体力活动、恐惧或兴奋等条件下，而副交感神经输出增加发生在久坐活动、进食或其他“植物人”行为期间。
The enteric division of the ANS is a collection of afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons that form networks of neurons called plexuses (from the Latin “to braid”) that surround the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It can function as a separate and independent nervous system, but it is normally controlled by the CNS through sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
ANS 的肠道分支是传入神经元、中间神经元和运动神经元的集合，它们形成围绕胃肠道 （GI） 的神经元网络，称为神经丛（来自拉丁语“辫子”）。它可以作为一个独立且独立的神经系统发挥作用，但它通常由 CNS 通过交感神经和副交感神经纤维控制。
1.2 交感神经节前神经元起源于脊髓节段 T1 至 L3，与椎旁或椎前神经节中的节后神经元形成突触
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from spinal segments T1 to L3 and synapse with postganglionic neurons in paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia
1.3 内脏控制系统也有一个重要的传入肢体
The visceral control system also has an important afferent limb
1.4 肠部是胃肠道的一个自给自足的神经系统，接收交感神经和副交感神经的输入
The enteric division is a self-contained nervous system of the GI tract and receives sympathetic and parasympathetic input
2 自主神经系统的突触生理学
SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
3 内脏的中枢神经系统控制
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL OF THE VISCERA
4 Reference
- Smith et al. Insights into inner ear function and disease through novel visualizatio of the ductus reuniens, a semila communication between hearing and balance mechanisms. JARO (2022)
- http://www.cochlea.eu/en/cochlea
- http://www.cochlea.eu/en/cochlea/cochlear-fluids
