Addiction

1 Key elements of addiction

• Addictive substances are highly reinforcing.
• They are reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
• Pleasure leads to ‘liking’ the effects of addictive substances.
• ‘Liking’ a substance can become conditioned to substance-related cues.
• ‘Wanting’ a substance can occur at the expense of ‘liking’ the substance.
• Excessive ‘wanting’ can lead to a loss of control of substance use.
• Substance use habits are unconscious—they are automatic.
• Craving for substances may occur following prolonged abstinence.
• Craving may trigger substance relapse

• 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用。
• 它们正在强化，因为它们会引起快乐。
• 快乐导致“喜欢”成瘾物质的效果。
• “喜欢”一种物质可能会受到与物质相关的线索的影响。
• “想要”某种物质的发生可能会以牺牲“喜欢”该物质为代价。
• 过度的“想要”会导致对物质使用的失控。
• 物质使用习惯是无意识的——它们是自动的。
• 戒断滥用物质会导致重复使用。
• 长期戒酒后可能会出现对物质的渴望。
• 渴望可能会引发物质复发

2 Neurobiological processes in addiction

成瘾中的神经生物学过程

• The brain controls necessary motivational and cognitiv processes.
• These processes involve a network of independent and overlapping brain circuits.
• These processes involve reward, motivation, learning/memory, and cognition.
• Reward involves dopamine in the ventral striatum.
• Learning involves dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum.
• Memory involves glutamate in the amygdala and hippocampus.
• Motivation and drive involve GABA and dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex.
• Cognition involves dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex.
• These processes are disrupted by substances of addiction

• 大脑控制必要的动机和认知过程。
• 这些过程涉及一个由独立和重叠的大脑回路组成的网络。
• 这些过程涉及奖励、动机、学习/记忆和认知。
• 奖励涉及腹侧纹状体中的多巴胺。
• 学习涉及腹侧被盖区和腹侧纹状体的多巴胺。
• 记忆涉及杏仁核和海马体中的谷氨酸。
• 动机和驱动力涉及眶额叶皮层中的 GABA 和多巴胺。
• 认知涉及前额叶皮层中的多巴胺和谷氨酸。
• 这些过程被成瘾物质打乱

3 The dopamine system and addiction

多巴胺系统和成瘾

• Dopamine release is involved in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances.
• Dopamine release can be blunted by substance abuse.
• Dopamine release is involved in drug craving.
• Dopamine receptors are reduced during substance addiction withdrawal.
• Medications that boost dopamine functioning may be useful in substance addiction.
• Reductions in dopamine functioning may predispose people to substance addiction

• 多巴胺的释放与成瘾物质的强化作用有关。
• 药物滥用会减慢多巴胺的释放。
• 多巴胺释放与药物渴望有关。
• 物质成瘾戒断期间多巴胺受体减少。
• 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。
• 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾