Addiction

1 Key elements of addiction

• Addictive substances are highly reinforcing.
• They are reinforcing because they induce pleasure.
• Pleasure leads to ‘liking’ the effects of addictive substances.
• ‘Liking’ a substance can become conditioned to substance-related cues.
• ‘Wanting’ a substance can occur at the expense of ‘liking’ the substance.
• Excessive ‘wanting’ can lead to a loss of control of substance use.
• Substance use habits are unconscious—they are automatic.
• Craving for substances may occur following prolonged abstinence.
• Craving may trigger substance relapse

• 成瘾物质具有高度强化作用。
• 它们正在强化，因为它们会引起快乐。
• 快乐导致“喜欢”成瘾物质的效果。
• “喜欢”一种物质可能会受到与物质相关的线索的影响。
• “想要”某种物质的发生可能会以牺牲“喜欢”该物质为代价。
• 过度的“想要”会导致对物质使用的失控。
• 物质使用习惯是无意识的——它们是自动的。
• 戒断滥用物质会导致重复使用。
• 长期戒酒后可能会出现对物质的渴望。
• 渴望可能会引发物质复发

2 Neurobiological processes in addiction

成瘾中的神经生物学过程

• The brain controls necessary motivational and cognitiv processes.
• These processes involve a network of independent and overlapping brain circuits.
• These processes involve reward, motivation, learning/memory, and cognition.
• Reward involves dopamine in the ventral striatum.
• Learning involves dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum.
• Memory involves glutamate in the amygdala and hippocampus.
• Motivation and drive involve GABA and dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex.
• Cognition involves dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex.
• These processes are disrupted by substances of addiction

• 大脑控制必要的动机和认知过程。
• 这些过程涉及一个由独立和重叠的大脑回路组成的网络。
• 这些过程涉及奖励、动机、学习/记忆和认知。
• 奖励涉及腹侧纹状体中的多巴胺。
• 学习涉及腹侧被盖区和腹侧纹状体的多巴胺。
• 记忆涉及杏仁核和海马体中的谷氨酸。
• 动机和驱动力涉及眶额叶皮层中的 GABA 和多巴胺。
• 认知涉及前额叶皮层中的多巴胺和谷氨酸。
• 这些过程被成瘾物质打乱

3 Pharmacodynamics of addictive substances

成瘾物质的药效学

• Pharmacodynamics refers to the effect of substances on the body.
• The pharmacodynamic effects of substances take place at receptors.
• Agonists mimic the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors.
• Antagonists block the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors.
• Addictive substances can alter brain pharmacodynamics.
• Brain pharmacodynamics can be influenced by genetics.

• 药效学是指物质对身体的影响。
• 物质的药效学作用发生在受体处。
• 激动剂模拟神经递质对受体的作用。
• 拮抗剂阻断神经递质对受体的作用。
• 成瘾物质可以改变大脑药效学。
• 大脑药效学会受到遗传学的影响。

4 The dopamine system and addiction

多巴胺系统和成瘾

• Dopamine release is involved in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances.
• Dopamine release can be blunted by substance abuse.
• Dopamine release is involved in drug craving.
• Dopamine receptors are reduced during substance addiction withdrawal.
• Medications that boost dopamine functioning may be useful in substance addiction.
• Reductions in dopamine functioning may predispose people to substance addiction

• 多巴胺的释放与成瘾物质的强化作用有关。
• 药物滥用会减慢多巴胺的释放。
• 多巴胺释放与药物渴望有关。
• 物质成瘾戒断期间多巴胺受体减少。
• 促进多巴胺功能的药物可能对物质成瘾有用。
• 多巴胺功能降低可能使人易患物质成瘾

5 The GABA system and addiction

GABA 系统和成瘾

• GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
• GABA binds with GABA-a and GABA-b receptors to inhibit neuronal activity.
• Substances of abuse can downregulate or upregulate the GABA system.
• GABA-b receptors modulate substance reward and reinforcement behaviours.
• Disturbances to the GABA system may pre-date substance addiction.
• Compounds that target the GABA system may help in the treatment of addiction

• GABA 是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质。
• GABA 与 GABA-a 和 GABA-b 受体结合以抑制神经元活动。
• 滥用物质可以下调或上调 GABA 系统。
• GABA-b 受体调节物质奖励和强化行为。
• 对 GABA 系统的干扰可能早于物质成瘾。
• 靶向 GABA 系统的化合物可能有助于治疗成瘾

6 The glutamate system and addiction

谷氨酸系统和成瘾

• Addiction involves enduring neuroplasticity in the reward circuitry of the brain.
• Neuroplasticity is a result of glutamate-dependent long-term potentiation.
• Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter.
• Glutamate release is involved in alcohol and drug relapse in response to drug cues.
• There are changes in glutamate receptor functioning in substance addiction.
• Medications that reduce glutamate tone may prevent alcohol and drug relapse

• 成瘾涉及大脑奖励回路中持久的神经可塑性。
• 神经可塑性是谷氨酸依赖性长期增强的结果。
• 谷氨酸是一种兴奋性神经递质。
• 谷氨酸的释放与酒精和药物复发有关。
• 物质成瘾中谷氨酸受体功能发生变化。
• 降低谷氨酸调理的药物可以防止酒精和药物复发