Ch14 The Autonomic Nervous System

自主神经系统

本页英文内容取自：经典教材医学生理学（第三版） (Medical Physiology, 3rd Edtion, Walter F Boron, published in 2016)

中文内容由 BH1RBH (Jack Tan) 粗糙翻译

蓝色 【注】 后内容为 BH1RBH (Jack Tan) 所加之注释

When we are awake, we are constantly aware of sensory input from our external environment, and we consciously plan how to react to it. When we are asleep, the nervous system has a variety of mechanisms to dissociate cortical function from sensory input and somatic motor output. Among these mechanisms are closing the eyes, blocking the transmission of sensory impulses to the cortex as they pass through the thalamus, and effecting a nearly complete paralysis of skeletal muscles during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to keep us from physically acting out our dreams.

当我们清醒时，我们会不断意识到来自外部环境的感官输入，并有意识地计划如何应对它。当我们睡着时，神经系统有多种机制可以将皮层功能与感觉输入和躯体运动输出分离。这些机制包括闭上眼睛，阻止感觉冲动通过丘脑时向皮层的传递，以及在快速眼动（REM）睡眠期间导致骨骼肌几乎完全麻痹，以防止我们身体上表演我们的梦。

The conscious and discontinuous nature of cortical brain function stands in sharp contrast with those parts of the nervous system that are responsible for control of our internal environment. These “autonomic” processes never stop attending to the wide range of metabolic, cardiopulmonary, and other visceral requirements of our body. Autonomic control continues whether we are awake and attentive, preoccupied with other activities, or asleep. While we are awake, we are unaware of most visceral sensory input, and we avoid any conscious effort to act on it unless it induces distress. In most cases, we have no awareness of motor commands to the viscera, and most individuals can exert voluntary control over motor output to the viscera only in minor ways. Consciousness and memory are frequently considered the most important functions of the human nervous system, but it is the visceral control system—including the autonomic nervous system (ANS)—that makes life and higher cortical function possible.

大脑皮层功能的有意识和不连续性质与神经系统中负责控制我们内部环境的部分形成鲜明对比。这些“自主神经”过程从未停止关注我们身体的各种代谢、心肺和其他内脏需求。无论我们是清醒和专心、全神贯注于其他活动还是睡着，自主神经控制都会继续。当我们清醒时，我们不知道大多数本能的感官输入，除非它引起痛苦，否则我们会避免任何有意识的努力去采取行动。在大多数情况下，我们没有意识到对内脏的运动命令，大多数人只能以微小的方式对内脏的运动输出进行自主控制。意识和记忆通常被认为是人类神经系统最重要的功能，但正是内脏控制系统——包括自主神经系统（ANS）——使生命和高级皮质功能成为可能。

We have a greater understanding of the physiology of the ANS than of many other parts of the nervous system, largely because it is reasonably easy to isolate peripheral neurons and to study them. As a result of its accessibility, the ANS has served as a key model system for the elucidation of many principles of neuronal and synaptic function.

我们对自主神经系统比对神经系统的许多其他部分的生理更了解，这主要是因为分离周围神经元并对其进行研究相当容易。由于其可访问性，ANS 已成为阐明神经元和突触功能的许多原理的关键模型系统。

1 本能控制系统的组织

ORGANIZATION OF THE VISCERAL CONTROL SYSTEM

2 自主神经系统的突触生理学

SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

3 内脏的中枢神经系统控制

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL OF THE VISCERA

4 Reference

Smith et al. Insights into inner ear function and disease through novel visualizatio of the ductus reuniens, a semila communication between hearing and balance mechanisms. JARO (2022)
http://www.cochlea.eu/en/cochlea
http://www.cochlea.eu/en/cochlea/cochlear-fluids