GNU/Linux Tips

来自Jack's Lab
2015年1月18日 (日) 20:11Comcat (讨论 | 贡献)的版本

跳转到: 导航, 搜索

目录

1 Bash readline

#!/bin/bash 
count=1
cat X1A001.dat | while read line        # 从文本文件 X1A001.dat 一行一行的读 
do 
   echo "$count:$line" 
   count=$(($count + 1))
done
exit 0



2 Kernel代码格式化

kernel source tree 的 scripts/ 下有一个 Lindent 的脚本:

#!/bin/sh
PARAM="-npro -kr -i8 -ts8 -sob -l80 -ss -ncs -cp1"
RES=`indent --version`
V1=`echo $RES | cut -d' ' -f3 | cut -d'.' -f1`
V2=`echo $RES | cut -d' ' -f3 | cut -d'.' -f2`
V3=`echo $RES | cut -d' ' -f3 | cut -d'.' -f3`
if [ $V1 -gt 2 ]; then
  PARAM="$PARAM -il0"
elif [ $V1 -eq 2 ]; then
  if [ $V2 -gt 2 ]; then
    PARAM="$PARAM -il0";
  elif [ $V2 -eq 2 ]; then
    if [ $V3 -ge 10 ]; then
      PARAM="$PARAM -il0"
    fi
  fi
fi
indent $PARAM "$@"



3 udev

$ lsusb
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 413c:2003 Dell Computer Corp. Keyboard
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 413c:3016 Dell Computer Corp. Optical 5-Button Wheel Mouse
Bus 002 Device 016: ID 18d1:4e22 Google Inc. Nexus S (debug)

Bus 002 Device 016 就是我的手机,对应的设备节点是 /dev/bus/usb/002/016

如下命令查看设备信息:

$ udevadm info -q all -n /dev/bus/usb/002/016 
P: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.6
N: bus/usb/002/016
E: BUSNUM=002
E: DEVNAME=/dev/bus/usb/002/016
E: DEVNUM=016
E: DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.6
E: DEVTYPE=usb_device
E: DRIVER=usb
E: ID_BUS=usb
E: ID_MEDIA_PLAYER=google_nexus-s
E: ID_MODEL=SGH-T959
E: ID_MODEL_ENC=SGH-T959
E: ID_MODEL_ID=4e22
E: ID_REVISION=0231
E: ID_SERIAL=samsung_SGH-T959_32334071DA1D00EC
E: ID_SERIAL_SHORT=32334071DA1D00EC
E: ID_USB_INTERFACES=:080650:ff4201:
E: ID_VENDOR=samsung
E: ID_VENDOR_ENC=samsung
E: ID_VENDOR_ID=18d1
E: MAJOR=189
E: MINOR=143
E: PRODUCT=18d1/4e22/231
E: SUBSYSTEM=usb
E: TAGS=:udev-acl:
E: TYPE=0/0/0
E: UDEV_LOG=3
E: USEC_INITIALIZED=599355697049

或者:

$ udevadm info -q path -n /dev/bus/usb/002/016 
/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.6

$ udevadm info -a -p $(udevadm info -q path -n /dev/bus/usb/002/016)

  looking at device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.6':
    KERNEL=="2-1.6"
    SUBSYSTEM=="usb"
    DRIVER=="usb"
    ATTR{configuration}==""
    ATTR{bNumInterfaces}==" 2"
    ATTR{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
......
......

根据 http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html#basic 写一个 udev rules 文件 /etc/udev/rules.d/62-android.rules:

# 匹配上设备则将设备节点文件的 mode 改为 0666,建一个 /dev/GalasyS 的符号链接指向它 
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{ID_VENDOR_ID}=="18d1", ENV{ID_MODEL}=="Galaxy", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="GalaxyS"
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{ID_VENDOR_ID}=="18d1", ENV{ID_MODEL_ID}=="4e22", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="GalaxyS"
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", ATTR{idProduct}=="4e22", ATTR{product}=="Galaxy" MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="GalaxyS"

如对某一行 rule 没底,可用如下命令测试这个 rule:

$ udevadm test --action='"usb", ENV{ID_VENDOR_ID}=="18d1", ENV{ID_MODEL}=="Galaxy", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="GalaxyS"' $(udevadm info -q path -n /dev/bus/usb/002/016)
......
udev_node_add: creating device node '/dev/bus/usb/002/016', devnum=189:143, mode=0664, uid=0, gid=0
udev_node_mknod: preserve file '/dev/bus/usb/002/016', because it has correct dev_t
udev_node_mknod: preserve permissions /dev/bus/usb/002/016, 020664, uid=0, gid=0
node_symlink: preserve already existing symlink '/dev/char/189:143' to '../bus/usb/002/016'
......

确定后重启 udev 即可:

 sudo service udev restart





4 Mounting partition from VDI image

$ od -j344 -N4 -td4 /work/FreeDos.vdi | awk 'NR==1{print $2;}'
8192

$ sudo losetup -f --show -o 8192 /work/FreeDos.vdi
/dev/loop0

$ sudo fdisk  -lu /dev/loop0

Disk /dev/loop0: 113 MB, 113246208 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 219 cylinders, total 221184 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

      Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/loop0p1   *          63     1023119      511528+   6  FAT16

$ sudo mount -o loop,offset=$((512*63)) /dev/loop0 /mnt

$ ls /mnt/
AUTOEXEC.BAT  BOOTSECT.BIN  COMMAND.COM  FDCONFIG.SYS  FDOS  KERNEL.SYS


$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0

$ VBoxManage clonehd /work/FreeDos.vdi /work/freedos.vdi --format VDI --variant Fixe



5 Mount a disk image

$ sudo losetup -fv ./rasper-pi.img 
Loop device is /dev/loop0

$ sudo kpartx -av /dev/loop0
add map loop0p1 (252:0): 0 114688 linear /dev/loop0 8192
add map loop0p2 (252:1): 0 7917568 linear /dev/loop0 122880

$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt

$ ls /mnt/
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  selinux  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var



6 GDB Tips

1. 查看寄存器

(gdb) i r
(gdb) i r a                     # 查看所有寄存器(包括浮点、多媒体)
(gdb) i r esp
(gdb) i r pc


2. 查看内存

(gdb) x /wx 0x80040000    # 以16进制显示指定地址处的数据
(gdb) x /8x $esp
(gdb) x /16x $esp+12
(gdb) x /16s 0x86468700   # 以字符串形式显示指定地址处的数据
(gdb) x /24i 0x8048a51      # 以指令形式显示指定地址处的数据(24条)


3. 修改寄存器的值

(gdb) set $v0 = 0x004000000
(gdb) set $epc = 0xbfc00000


4. 修改内存的值

(gdb) set {unsigned int}0x8048a51=0x0
(gdb) set *(unsigned int*)0x8048a54=0x55aa55aa


5. 内存搜索

Usage: find <start> <end> <count> <value>

(gdb) define find                            
set $ptr = $arg0
set $cnt = 0
while ( ($ptr<=$arg1) && ($cnt<$arg2) )
    if ( *(unsigned int *)$ptr == $arg3 )
        x /wx $ptr
        set $cnt = $cnt + 1
    end
    set $ptr = $ptr + 4
end
end


6. 断点、监测点

(gdb) b *0x80400000
(gdb) watch *(unsigned int *)0xbffff400==0x90909090



7 Strace Tips

1. strace 是一个诊断调试工具,其借助内核 ptrace 机制,跟踪目标进程所执行的系统调用和收到的信号。

2. 常用选项

-o filename: 将输出信息写到文件filename中,默出输出到标准错误(stderr)
-c: 统计输出,包括每个系统调用的执行时间、被调用次数等
-tt: 每行前加上相对时间戳
-e trace=open,close: 只跟踪open, close
-e trace=file: 只跟踪以文件名为参数的的调用,等价于 -e trace=open,stat,chmod,unlink...
-e trace=process: 进程管理相关
-e trace=network: 网络相关
-e trace=ipc: 进程间通信相关
-e trace=signal: 信号相关
-e verbose=close,open: vebose模式输出(结构体成员都输出)
-e abbrev=open: 默认情况下所有调用的显示都是abbreviate,只要给这个选项,就只有open为abbrev
-e raw=open: open 调用以16进制形式输出参数
-e read=3,5: 显示文件描述符3、5的读取数据
-e write=3,5
-p pid: 绑定到pid对应的正在运行的进程。此参数常用来调试后台进程
-f: 除了跟踪当前进程外,还跟踪其子进程
-ff: 当跟踪多个进程且输出到文件时,使用该选项则将各个进程的跟踪信息写入各个filename.pid中



8 Git

翻墙代理:

 git config --global http.proxy 'socks5://127.0.0.1:8080'


git server:

$ apt-get install git-daemon-sysvinit
$ cat /etc/default/git-daemon
GIT_DAEMON_ENABLE=true
GIT_DAEMON_USER=gitdaemon

GIT_DAEMON_DIRECTORY=/var/data/git
GIT_DAEMON_BASE_PATH=/var/data/git

GIT_DAEMON_OPTIONS="--export-all --enable=upload-pack --enable=upload-archive --enable=receive-pack --informative-errors"


修改.git/config添加如下代码:

[receive]
    denyCurrentBranch = ignore


在初始化远程仓库时最好使用 git --bare init 而不要使用 git init

如果使用了git init初始化,则远程仓库的目录下,也包含work tree,当本地仓库向远程仓库push时, 如果远程仓库正在push的分支上(不在push分支,没有问题), 那么push后的结果不会反应在work tree上, 也即在远程仓库的目录下对应的文件还是之前的内容,必须得使用git reset --hard才能看到push后的内容



9 tshark

抓包 HTTP 协议分析:

$ tshark tcp port 80 or tcp port 443 -V -R "http.request || http.response" -i eth1 |
 sed -rn '/Hypertext Transfer Protocol/{:a;N;/    \\r\\n:?/{/.*/p;d};ba}'


只显示 GET 类请求的头:

 $ tshark 'tcp port 80' -R 'http.request.method == "GET" || http.request.method == "HEAD"' -i eth1



10 ATA Secure Erase

https://ata.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/ATA_Secure_Erase



11 Port Scan

# TCP Connect scanning
# nmap -v -sT localhost
# nmap -v -sT 192.168.31.0/24

# nmap TCP SYN (half-open) scanning
# nmap -v -sS localhost

# nmap TCP FIN scanning
# nmap -v -sF localhost

# nmap TCP Xmas tree scanning
# nmap -v -sX localhost

# nmap TCP Null scanning
# nmap -v -sN localhost

nmap TCP RPC scanning
# nmap -v -sR localhost

nmap UDP scanning
# nmap -v -O localhost

nmap remote software version scanning
# nmap -v -sV localhost



12 netcat

12.1 简单web服务器

web 查看系统状态 (TOP):

#!/bin/bash
top -b -n 1 > /tmp/top.txt
app = "nc -l 996"
count=1;

while [ count>0 ]
do
        pn = `ps -wef|grep "${app}" |grep -v grep |grep " 1 "|wc -l`
        echo $pn
        if  test $pn -lt 1
        then
                top -b -n 1 >/tmp/top.txt
                nc -l 996   </tmp/top.txt
        fi
done    



13 nginx/php

$ sudo apt-get install nginx











个人工具
名字空间

变换
操作
导航
工具箱